文学艺术

1.deceive -ed, ing
vt.欺诈[骗], 蒙蔽使弄错, 使失望
deceive sb. with fair words 用花言巧语欺骗某人
He has deliberately deceived us. 他有意地欺骗我们。
He deceived her into thinking he could drive a car. 他骗她，使她相信他会开汽车。
习惯用语
be deceived in sb. 看错了某人, 对某人感到失望
deceive oneself 骗自己; 误解, 想错
deceive sb. into doing sth . 骗某人做某事
He that once deceives is ever suspected. [谚]骗人一次, 受疑一世。
同义:cheat, trick, mislead
辨析词汇：cheat, deceive, trick, fool这些动词均含有“欺骗”之意。但内涵各异，绝不可互换使用。
deceive最普通用词,指用虚假外表使人信以为真,或蓄意歪曲事实,或造成错误印象使人上当受骗,导致他人做出错误判断：
He deceived us with false promise，他用假承诺来欺骗我们。
My secretary first deceived me into believing in him, and then cheated me (out)of all my shares in the company.我的秘书先是骗取了我对他的信任，然后骗取了我在公司的全部股份。首句可帮助区分它们词义的差异，下一句则可以帮助记忆固定搭配；
cheat 普通用词,指用蒙蔽他人的手段取得所需之物,尤多指在赢利的买卖中欺骗人.获得某种个人利益(如作弊)或损害他人利益(如欺骗钱财)：
Don’t go to that shop. They are likely to cheat you.不要去那家商店买东西，他们会骗你的。
trick  指用阴谋诡计等骗得信任或得到所需之物。
fool  指把别人当傻瓜，愚弄欺骗别人。
派生：
deceit n.欺骗，欺骗行为，不老实。
a man full of deceit不老实的人
deception n.欺骗，蒙蔽，受骗。
Practice deception 行骗
The deception of the magician’s audience was almost complete.看魔术师表演的观众几乎完全受骗了
deceptive a.骗人的，容易使人上当的。
Appearance can be deceptive.外表可能是靠不住的。 

2.decline -declined, declining
vt.谢绝, 拒绝, 推辞 使下降; 倾斜; 使(头)低垂【语】使变化(名词、代词、形容词等的)词尾
decline an offer 拒绝请求
decline an invitation 谢绝邀请
decline to answer a question 拒绝回答问题
an empire that has declined 业已衰落的帝国
n.衰退；衰败下倾, 下降, 下垂, 斜面, 斜坡
习惯用语
Fall/sink into a decline 开始衰落, 衰弱下去; 体力衰退(尤指因患肺病而衰弱)
on the decline 走下坡路, 在衰退中
the decline of life 晚年, 暮年
反义词：accept, receive
同义：refuse, reject, sink, fall, weaken
反义：accept, agree
辨析词汇：decline, refuse,reject,turn down都含“拒绝”的意思。
decline 指“较正式地、有礼貌地谢绝” (尤其是对建议或邀请),
He declined the nomination. 他谢绝提名。
 asked me to his birthday party. But I declined the invitation
refuse 系普通用语,指“坚决、果断或坦率地拒绝”,
He refused to take the money. 他拒绝接受此款。
The United States has refused him a visa
reject指“以否定、敌对的态度而当面拒绝” 意为抵制，断然拒绝(某种提议，计划，观点等，含有断然的，坚定的意味, He feels rejected by the society
They rejected damaged goods. 他们拒收损坏的货物。
turn down意为拒绝，中性词，与refuse相近，
I thanked him for the offer but turned it down
3.dedicate-cated, -cating
vt.献给, 献身, 致力专门用于供奉; 题词(为建筑物、展览会等)举行落成仪式捐赠
dedicate a book to a certain person 将(所著的书)题献给某人
The mayor dedicated the World Fair yesterday. 昨天市长主持了世界博览会的开幕式。
He dedicated his life to the service of his country. 他献身于为国服务
He dedicated his first book to his mother. 他把第一本书献给他母亲。
习惯用语
be dedicated to... 献身于...
dedicate oneself to... 献身于...
dedicate one's life to... 献身于...
dedicate ... to sb. 把(作品)奉献给某人
同义：devote, sacrifice
辨析词汇：dedicate, devote这两个动词均有“奉献”之意。
dedicate正式用词,指献身于某一崇高事业或目的,也可指把著作题献给他人.set apart for a holy purpose, often with a solemn ceremony
devote普通用词,指决心把全部身心/精力/时间等献给某目标,某个人或致力于某事业.仅指set apart for, give wholly or completely to
派生：
1.dedicated adj.献身于某事物的
a dedicated worker有献身精神的工作者
2.dedication n.奉献。
I admire the briest’s dedication. 我钦佩这位牧师的奉献精神

4.deduce-deduced, deducing
vt.推论, 推断, 演绎(from)追溯根源引出, 推导
deduce a conclusion from these facts 从这些事实推出结论
If you see a doctor leaving a house, you may deduce that someone in the house is ill. 如果你看见医生从某家出来,你就可知这家有人病了。
同义词：infer, conclude
辨析词汇：deduce, infer, conclude, gather, judge这些动词均含“推断”之意。
deduce：指有充分根据的推论，也指逻辑学上的演绎。
infer：指从已提供的论据或从已接受的前提出发而推断出的结论。
conclude：指得出符合逻辑的结论。
gather：指从听到的情况推测、判定。
judge：多指经过仔细鉴定或评价之后作出决断。
练习：From the position of his body,  the police           that the man had committed suicide.
A. perceived    B. implied     C. deduced      D. expected
练习答案：选C。译文：警察从尸体的状况推断出那个人是自杀身亡。本题为近义词辨析题，也考查词语搭配。
Deduce意为推论，推起，演绎；
perceive意为察觉，理解，发觉；
imply意为暗示，意味，包含；
expect意为预期，指望，料想认为。
派生：
1.deducible adj.可以推断的，可以演绎的
2.deduction n,推理，演绎。
a philosopher skilled in deduction, 擅长推理的哲学家 

5.define -defined, defining
vt.解释; 给...下定义限定, 规定, 立界限, 立范围 弄明确, 明确表示使清楚; 使明显作为主要特质或因素
define sb.'s duties 规定某人的任务
define one's position 表明立场
The mountain was clearly defined against the light of the eastern sky. 东方天空的光芒使那座山清晰地显露出来。
to define the position of the government 阐述政府的立场
The mountain was clearly defined against the eastern sky. 山巅被东方的天际衬托得轮廓格外分明。
同义：explain, describe, clarify, fix, set establish
派生：
1.definable adj.可下定义的，可以解释的
2.definition n.词语等的释义
例句：In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measused can be most precisely define and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.一般来说，所要测定的特性能被极其精确地限定时，测试最为有效，当所要测定或预测的东西不能被明确限定时，测试效果最差。 

6.deform
vt.使变坏, 损伤...的形状【物】使变形使残废, 使成畸形
Shoes that are too tight deform the feet. (穿)太紧的鞋子会使脚变形。
同义：disfigure, distort
反义：beautify, embellish
派生：
deformation n. 形状损坏，变丑，变形。
A disease caused deformation of his body.疾病使他的身体变得畸形
deformed adj.畸形的。
She has a deformed foot and can’t walk very easily .她有一只脚畸形，行动不方便。
deformity n.变形的部分。
Deformities caused by poor diet包含不良造成的畸形。 

7.defy-defied, defying
vt.蔑视, 不服从,不管, 公然反抗, 对...满不在乎足以抵挡; 使落空, 使不能激, 惹; 向...挑战
If you defy the law, you may find yourself in prison. 如果不服从法律，就可能会坐牢。
a strong fort which defies attack 坚不可摧的堡垒
They defied him to jump off the bridge. 他们激他跳下桥去。
I defy you to prove that I have cheated. 我敢说你不能证明我曾行骗。
It defies description. 那无法形容。
n.挑战
习惯用语
defysb. to do sth. 挑激某人做某事
同义：resist, confront, depreciate, belittle, scorn
反义：support
派生：
1. defiance n. 违抗，反抗，蔑视，藐视，挑战。
a defiance of tradition违反传统/a ~ of danger 藐视危险
2. defiant a.违抗的，藐视的，挑战的，不服的。
Be dediant of world opinion藐视世界舆论 

8.delight
n.欢喜, 愉快, 高兴 喜欢的东西; 嗜好 快乐糖(糖果名) 给予乐趣；使人高兴（常与in连用）热衷于；引以为乐
Movies give delight to millions of people. 电影使亿万人获得乐趣。
Singing is her chief delight. 唱歌是她的主要爱好。
I was delighted to be invited to her party. 我很高兴被邀请参加她的晚会。
She delights in cooking lovely meals. 她以烹饪美食为乐。
to laugh with delight 高兴地大笑
习惯用语
be delirious with delight 欣喜若狂
be transported with delight 欣喜若狂
kick up thc devil's delight [口]大吵, 大闹, 闹事
raise hell's delight [口]大吵大闹, 闹事
take/fine/have delight in 喜爱, 以...为乐
find/have a delight in 喜爱, 以...为乐 
to sb.'s delight 令人高兴的是...
Turkish delight 土耳其糖果
delight in 喜爱, 以...为乐
give delight to sb.使某人快乐
take delight in sth.(doing sth.)以某事物(做某事)为乐(尤指残忍的或坏事)
同义：pleasure, amusement
反义：sorrow, sadness, grief
派生：
delightful adj.令人高兴的，使人愉快的，可爱的。  
A delightful holiday 愉快的假日
a delightful person讨人喜欢的人

9.depress
vt.压下, 降低 使消沉, 使沮丧, 愁苦 使不活泼；使萧条,使贬值, 使跌价【音】降调, 减少[弱, 压]
Does mass unemployment depress wages? 大量人口失业会使工资降低吗？
He was depressed because he had not passed his examinations. 他很沮丧，因为他没有通过考试。
The rainy days always depress me. 雨天总是使我沮丧。
同义：sadden, discourage, dishearten, weaken, reduce, lessen
反义：cheer, inspire, encourage
派生：
1.depressed adj.抑郁的，沮丧的，消沉的。
He was depressd about his lack of success.他因不能成功而感到沮丧。
2.depressing adj.令人抑郁的，令人沮丧的
a depressed story沉闷的故事
3.depression n.抑郁，沮丧；不景气，萧条(期)。
Collapse into depression 变得抑郁
the (Great) Depression大萧条(指1929年到20世纪30年代早期的严重世界性经济萧条)。 

10.deprive -deprived, depriving
vt.夺去, 剥夺; 使丧失(of) 撤职, 免去...的职务 使不能有; 使不能享受
She was deprived of schooling at ten. 她10岁时就失学了。
Sickness deprived me of the pleasure of meeting you. 疾病使得我未能和你经常欢聚。
习惯用语
deprive sb./ sth. of sth. 夺去，使丧失; 免去某人(职务)
同义：dispossess, strip
反义：provide, entitle
练习：The people           the cruel king of his power.
A. overthrew     B. confronted      C. deprived      D. punched
练习：选C。译文：人民剥夺了暴君的权利。本题为近义词辨析题，也考查词语搭配。
deprive sb./ sth of sth.剥夺某人/某事物的某事物，阻止某人/某事物享有或使用某事物
overthrow sth,推翻，颠覆，挫败；
confront常与with 连用，表示：使面对，使面临；
punch常与in 连用，表示给某物穿孔。
派生：deprived a.(尤指儿童)被剥夺的，贫困的。
the city’s ~ areas城市的贫民区。